Abstract
There are many applications of atom
in many fields of life, The Importance
of Atoms and usage it
(Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen and Oxygen), the Utilization of atom and technology
for construction and peace (medical
technology), Utilization
of atom for destruction and
violence (Nuclear Commerce and Proliferation), Types of Technology Used for Violence (Nuclear
weapons, Chemical weapons, Biological
weapons and Conventional weapons)
Introduction and Research Objectives
Atom, smallest unit into which
matter can be divided without the release of electrically charged particles. It
is also the smallest unit of matter which has the properties characteristic of
a chemical element. As such the atom is the basic chemical building block. The
majority of that atom is empty space. The balance consisting of a positively
charged proton and neutron nucleus covered by a layer of negatively charged
electrons. Compared with
the electrons, the nucleus is small and dense which are the lightest charged
particles in nature. The electrons are drawn by their electric force to every
positive charge; electrical forces connect the electrons to the nucleus of an
atom. Because of the
nature of quantum
mechanics, no single
image has been entirely satisfactory at visualizing the atom’s various
characteristics, which thus forces physicists to use complementary pictures of
the atom to explain different properties. In some respects, the electrons in an
atom behave like particles orbiting the nucleus. Then what are the applications
of atom and its using in construction and destruction?
Content
An atom is a particle of matter
that uniquely defines achemical element. An atom consists of a central nucleus
that is usually surrounded by one or more electrons. Each electron is negatively charged. The nucleus is
positively charged, and contains one or more relatively heavy particles known
as protons and neutrons.
There
are many applications of atom in many fields of life and a lot of utilization
in construction and destruction.
The Importance
of Atoms:
In the most simple terms, without
atoms there would not be a functioning world. Atoms make up matter,
and matter makes up everything in the world, with a few exceptions.
Here are some atoms and its usage:
Hydrogen: Hydrogen makes up about 90 per cent
of the universe's atoms. The chemical is heavily utilized as both a gas and a
liquid fuel. Hydrogen was used by NASA as the main fuel for the space shuttle
program and is currently being heavily utilized by the petroleum and
manufacturing industries.
Helium: It is widely accepted that
helium gas is lighter than air, contributing to its usage in weather and party
balloons. This is also used as an inert barrier for arc welding, and in missile
pressurization of liquid fuel tanks. Because of its wide recreational use,
there is a risk that natural sources of Helium will be completely depleted in
the next decade, sparking fears for the scientific community.
Lithium: Lithium
is considered to be found more commonly in batteries. It is often used as a
psychological stabiliser for bipolar disorder in aluminum alloys, to render
cookware more robust, and most interestingly.
Carbon: Carbon is the basis for the
natural organic fuels like natural gas , coal, and oil in the world. Graphite,
a strong molecular carbon form used for pencils, crustaceans, and electrodes.
Pure diamond also consists entirely of carbon atoms. Another common use of the
element is the carbon nanotubes. Throughout all of its forms, Carbon's ability
to form incredibly strong lattice elemental structures make it perfect for
structural applications.
Nitrogen: Nitrogen
provides for 78 per cent of the whole Earth's atmosphere. As a key ingredient
in fertilizers and a key component in nitric acid, nylon, and explosive
products, the product is important for the chemical industry. The Haber process
is a popular system for generating ammonia by combining nitrogen with hydrogen.
Oxygen: Oxygen is the most significant element for the survival of humans. Pure
oxygen is used to treat problems with the breathing and to make spacecraft
livable. Oxygen is mainly used in the manufacture of steel and other metal
alloys in industry.
Neon: Neon is the fourth most abundant element in the universe at large. The
most prominent usage of the feature in advertisement signs is used by far. The
glass is usually sparkling when enticed with energy, which results in its usage
in the respective sign industry as well as high-voltage indicators and lasers.
Silicon: Silicon is extensively used in solid-state electronics in the
semi-conductor industry. The silicone needs to be doped with boron, gallium,
phosphorus or arsenic for these applications.
Iron: The prime use of Iron is in making steel. If steel is mixed with
chromium it creates corrosion-resistant stainless steel.
Copper: Copper is one of the strongest electricity conductors that lends
electronics and motors to its application. The metal is also very heat
conductive and is therefore used in radiators, A / C units and heating systems.
Utilization of
atom and technology for construction and peace:
Military defense advocates sometimes
argue that weapons — including weapons of mass destruction — are peace
technologies, since they operate to deter enemy attacks. Whatever one's
evaluation at the point of view, guns are aggressive technologies. In this
section the focus is on nonviolent technologies. Some are
especially useful for
preventing war; others
are especially useful for
dealing with conflict using nonviolent means or, in other words, waging
nonviolent struggle.
·
Diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions:
Techniques
in nuclear physics were groundbreaking in medical diagnostics and cancer
treatment. Usually 40-50 percent of the 23 million nuclear medicine imaging and
surgical operations conducted annually in the United States are for heart uses,
although 25-40 percent are for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Furthermore,
nuclear medicine procedures are used to diagnose Alzheimer's disease, to treat
hyperthyroidism, to evaluate coronary artery disease, to locate tumors and to
diagnose pulmonary emboli. However, nuclear medicine science goes far beyond
the radiopharmaceuticals used for imaging and treating. Advances in the sector
are necessarily linked at all stages to basic work in nuclear physics. Such
developments involve accelerators, detectors, recognizing the radiation-matter
relationship, and developing sophisticated mathematical algorithms to classify
relevant data.
Future techniques in nuclear
medicine:
It is impossible to forecast the
potential effect of the nuclear technology on medical research. If history is
an indicator, then more significant and exciting contributions can be expected.
At the very least, advancement in nuclear medicine is expected to be directly
linked to developments in nuclear techniques.
One future direction is personalized
medicine, the attempt to identify and treat disorders based on the response of
an individual to the process of the illness. More sophisticated nuclear tools
will be needed for that. Chemistry systems, for example, will be reduced to the
size of a post stamp, making patient-specific diagnostic tools and treatment
truly individual. An example of an integrated device, designed for multistep
radio synthesis of PET tracers
Other important new directions
include the combination of advances with radionuclides in genetically
engineered antibodies and the use of nuclear imaging to help us understand the
underlying causes of the disease by extracting functional and anatomical
information.
Utilization of
atom for destruction and violence:
·
Nuclear
Commerce and Proliferation:
In
March 1955, Eisenhower stepped up his efforts to promote peaceful nuclear uses,
directing the Atomic Energy Commission to provide "limited amounts of raw
and fissionable material" to "free world" nations, as well as
generous assistance for the construction of power reactors. Such exports were
intended to preserve US global leadership, reduce Soviet power, and ensure
continued access to international sources of uranium and thorium. With
retrospect, it seems that such aims have been met, but an unintentional
consequence of Atoms for Peace has been the expansion of global nuclear science
and power programs; several of which eventually would be converted to the
production of nuclear weapons.
Types of Technology Used for Violence:
1. Nuclear weapons, sometimes called atomic weapons, are explosives
whose power comes from fission and/or fusion reactions involving atomic nuclei.
Their effects include blast, heat, and radiation. Some radiation is short term,
including neutrons, whose effect is enhanced in nuclear weapons called neutron
bombs. Other radiation, especially fallout, is long term. It is also possible
to have radiological weapons based on radiation from nuclear sources in the
absence of an explosion.
2. Chemical weapons are chemicals, such as napalm and sarin, that wound
or kill by direct contact. They can be delivered in various ways such as by
artillery shells or missiles.
3. Biological weapons are disease organisms, such as anthrax, that
cause illness or death. Like chemical weapons, they can be delivered in various
ways.
4. “Conventional” weapons are traditional weapons such as rifles and
explosives. The explosive force behind these weapons is usually based on
chemical reactions. But they are not called chemical weapons because they cause
destruction primarily by physical processes, such as when a body is hit by a
bullet or by shell fragments from a grenade, land mine, or artillery shell.
References
[1].
https://sites.google.com/site/theatomcom/atoms-in-everyday-life
[2].
Pyle, Andrew (2010). "Atoms and
Atomism". In Grafton, Anthony; Most, Glenn W.; Settis, Salvatore (eds.). The Classical Tradition. Cambridge,
Massachusetts and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
pp. 103–104. ISBN 978-0-674-03572-0.
[3].
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255666430_Technology_Violence_And_Peace
[4].
https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2003_12/Lavoy
[5].
Gerard Smith,
September 14, 1955, FRUS, 1955-1957, vol. 20, p. 198
(memorandum for the file).
[6].
William B.
Bader, The United States and the Spread of Nuclear
Weapons (New York: Pegasus, 1968), pp. 29-35.
[7].
Cohen, Henri;
Lefebvre, Claire, eds. (2017). Handbook of Categorization in
Cognitive Science (Second ed.). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier.
p. 427. ISBN 978-0-08-101107-2.
[8].
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom
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